1.Who is the father of Comparative Government and Politics?

Aristotle.

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2.Who wrote, The Spirit of the Laws?

Montesquieu.

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3.Who is the author of Federal Government?

Kenneth Wheare.

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4. How many Constitutions were studied by Aristotle while classifying the Constitutions?

158 Constitutions

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5.Who is famous for his systems approach??

David Easton.

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6.What is comparative politics?

Comparative politics is the study and comparison of different political systems, institutions, processes and political behaviour of various countries.

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7.Mention two features of the modern methods of comparative political analysis.

Two features of modern methods of comparative political analysis:

1. Modern empirical approaches believes in inter - discriplinary study.

2. They emphasis scientfic methord of study and attempt to draw scientific conclusions in comparative politics.

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8. Analyze the significance of the study of comparative politics.

Comparative Politics is a key area of Political Science. Comparative politics is not only about the comparison of the political system of different countries, but also about the comparison of political activity, political process and political power. The main aim of Comparative Politics is to improve the ongoing condition of any state or country. It is not defined only by the object of its study, but by the method, it applies to study political phenomena. Significance of the study of Comparative Politics :-

In the post-war period, comparative politics has passed through many phases. In each of these changes have been made and continue to be made by scholars Comparison offers an important way to test assumptions. Comparative Politics, therefore, is a way to compare cases and examples of political organisation and structure and draw conclusions from those.

1) Among the several fields or sub-disciplines into which Political Science divided. Comparative Politics is the only one which carries a methodological instead of a substantive label.

2) Comparative politics first focused on the input side relying on political sociology, claiming that basic properties of political systems were to be understood against background information about structure and processes in society.

3) It was successful in its attempt to analyse the rapid changes that have occurred in political institutions and processes and their shift from tradition to modernity.

4) By studying Comparative Politics we know that the Comparative Politics is an important aspect of political science in that instead of studying how this country functions, it studies why other countries around the world are the way they are.

5) Comparative Politics is an essential part of Political Science. In Comparative Politics, we study the similarities and dissimilarities between the countries and try to find out the best suitable or appropriate one.

6) Through the study of comparative politics we can understand, many governments of the world are non-secular, such as Iran and Egypt. These country's government and laws originated strongly from the Islamic roots of the people.

7) Comparative Politics describes how other countries in the world function politically and how they are different from our country.

8) Comparative Politics is a systematical comparison of different countries without being biased or having philosophical axes.

9) Politics is now conceptualised as 'public choice' among a number of alternative policies and its goal is to integrate knowledge into an over changing discipline capable of analying public choice.

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9. Write a note on the methods of comparative political analysis.

The study of Comparative Political Analysis has a very long tradition. Several approaches have been adopted for this purpose. It must be remembered that Political Science is a branch of the larger area of social sciences and is different from natural sciences. The methods and approaches to the study of Comparative Political Analysis are therefore, different from the methods that are used in natural sciences. There are many approaches to the study of comparative politics may be divided into two groups i.e., Traditional and Modern approaches.

Methods / Approaches : meaning :-

An approach refers to the broad direction one can take towards solving a problems. It is a way of looking at and then explaining a particular phenomenon.

A method is a sub-programme that acts on data and often returns a value. It is target plan which reveals what needs to be done in a systematic way and how to focus on achieving those goals. Each method has its own name.

Methods of Comparative Political Analysis :-

Broadly speaking, the approaches which remained largely in vogue till the end of World War II (1945) are described as Traditional Approaches while those which were developed thereafter are known as Modern or contemporary approaches.

Traditional Approaches :-

Philosophical, Historical, Legal and Institutional approaches to the study of politics may be taken to represent the main traditional approaches.

Modern or Contemporary Approaches :-

Modern approaches include Behavioural approach, Post-Behavioural approach, System approach, Structural-Functional approach, Communication approach etc.

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10. Who is the father of comparative government and politics?

Aristotle.

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11. Who is the author of The Politics of Developing Areas?

Montesquieu.

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12. Who wrote The Spirit of Laws?

System Approach.

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13. Name one modern approach to the study of comparative politics.

System Approach.

14. Which political scientist used the term Political System' for the first time?

Devid Eastar.

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15. Mention two characteristics of modern methods of comparative political analysis.

1. Scientific and empirical approach.

2. Emphasis on political behaviour and political systems.

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16. Mention any two basic assumptions of system approach.

1. A political system consists of interrelated parts.

2. Every political system receives inputs and produces outputs.

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17. Discuss the differences between traditional and modern methods of comparative political analysis.

Ans. Comparison is the engine of knowledge. ‘Comparison’ is man’s instinctive tendency. By comparison, one can see patterns of activity, taken by different regimes, analyse different ideologies and processes and decision-making etc. Comparison may be both in traditional (comparative Government) and in modern (Comparative Politics) way.

Major differences between Comparative Government and Comparative Politics :-

Alan Ball, Freeman, Jean Blondel has tries to establish a link between the Comparative Government and Comparative Politics. Still host of scholars make a distinction between the Comparative Government and Comparative Politics. They believe that the scope of the study of Comparative Government is much limited than that of Comparative Politics.

(1) Comparative Politics is the wider body whereas, Comparative Government is one of its sub-divisions. Comparative Politics has a wider scope and analytical approach, whereas, Comparative Government stands for a limited and descriptive study of formal governmental institutions.

(2) Comparative Government comprises the study of states, their institutions etc. But on the other hand, Comparative Politics is concerned with politics i.e. power relationship, states and non-state institutions.

(3) Comparative Government only compares the different forms of government bodies in the Western European developed countries. Whereas, Comparative Politics studies not only about the government it encompasses studying political processes of the entire world.

(4) Comparative Government is the traditional and Comparative Politics is the modern way of studying politics. Comparative Politics is the recent development in the arena of Comparative Political Analysis.

(5) Comparative Government is descriptive, normative and prescriptive while Comparative Politics is analytical, empirical and largely value-neutral.

(6) Comparative Government means comparing the various organs of government (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary). While Comparative Politics means comparing not only organs of government but also other aspects like pressure groups, electoral system etc.

(7) Comparative Government is a old term, before the World War II they used to study politics on the historical, legal, institutional and philosophical methods. On the other hand, Comparative Politics depends upon the scientific - empirical methods of study.

(8) Description has been the goal of Comparative Government. On the contrary, explanation and prediction have been the goals of Comparative Politics.

(9) Comparative Politics fully accepts and adopt the importance of interdisciplinary focus, while Comparative Government ignores the importance of such focus to study politics.

(10) The study of Comparative Government is confined only to the Western European developed countries, but Comparative Politics accepts the need for the study of all political systems - European and Non-European, Western and Eastern, Developed as well as Developing.

(11) Comparative Government seeks to build a theory of ideal political institution. But, on the other hand, Comparative Politics seeks to build a scientific or realistic theory of politics.

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18. Explain structural-functional approach to the study of comparative political analysis.

Ans. Structural-Functional Approach has been a very popular and useful approach around 1960’s to the study of Comparative Political Analysis as Political System. It seeks to study Political System as a set of functions performed by several structures which together constitute the system of politics. It provides a useful framework for categorising and comparing data. It analyses Political system as a set of structures performing functions. It was a bold attempt to overcome the difficulties of comparing national political systems in the world which may vary greatly in their institutional arrangements, their structures etc.

Structural-Functional Approach : Meaning :-

The Structural-Functional Approach revolves mainly around two concepts : ‘Structure’ and ‘Functions’. However, it is essential to understand as to what is structure and what is function and what is their mutual relationship.

Let us know the meaning of these two concepts which are central to this approach;

Concept of Structures :- In the Structural-Functional analysis, ‘Structures’ refer to those arrangements within the system which perform the functions.

Concepts of Functions:- A ‘function’ is generally defined as the objective consequences of a pattern of action for the system in which it occurs. A function is thus concerned with a pattern of action.

Structural-Functional Approach : Almond’s view :-

The Structural-Functional Approach has several strong exponents and supporters, but the credit for popularising this approach goes to Gabriel Almond and his colleague G. Powell. Almond has defined a political system as ‘that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which perform the function of integration and adaptation by means of the employment or threat of employment of more or legitimate physical compulsion.’

Almond’s definition of political system reveals three things : (1) a political system based on more or less legitimate physical force is a concrete whole which influences and, in turn, influenced by its environment; (2) interactions occur not between individuals but between the roles adapted to them; (3) the political system is an “opening system engaged in continuous communication with outside systems beyond its boundaries.

Almond claimed that certain political functions existed in all political systems which must perform two basic sets of functions viz. inputs and outputs. On the input side Almond listed five input (political) functions -- (1) political socialisation (2) political recruitment (3) interest articulation (4) interest aggregation (5) political communication.

The outputs (governmental) functions have their parallel in three branches of the government and are :- (1) rule making (2) rule application (3) rule adjudication. All the branches of the government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary) perform important function. However, some extra-legal forces like political parties, pressure groups, voters, social groups, castes and communities and professional groups are always active in society and they also influence the functions and the structure of the political system.

Structural-functionalists argued that all political systems, including Third World systems, could most fruitfully be studied and compared on the basis of how differing structures performed these functions in the various political system. Accordingly, this analysis regards comprehensiveness, interdependence, and boundaries as the three properties of the political system. In this scheme, the political system would appear as that sub-system performing the distinctive function of making legitimate policy decisions, or to use a shorter expression.

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19. How many Constitutions were studied by Aristotle while classifying the Constitution ?

Ans. 158 Constitution.

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20. Give one reason to show the significance of the study of comparative politics.

Ans. The study of comparative politics is significant because it helps people to understand the nature and working political system around the world.

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20. Who wrote Democracy in America ?

Ans. Alexis de Tocqueville.

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21. Who is the chief exponent of the structural-functional approach to the study of comparative political analysis ?

Ans. Gabriel Almond and Powell.

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22. Write the name of one Philosopher who used historical method of comparative political analysis.

Ans. Aristotle, Machiavelli etc.

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23. Mention two differences between comparative government and comparative politics.

1) Comparative Politics is the wider body whereas Comparative Government is one of its sub-divisions.

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2) Comparative Government is descriptive and normative while Comparative Politics is analytical and empirical.

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24. Write two characteristics of traditional methods of comparative politics.

1) Traditional methods mainly focus on historical, legal and institutional aspects of politics.

2) Traditional methods are descriptive and normative in nature.

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25. What is comparative politics? Discuss its nature and scope.

Ans. The study of Comparative Politics is at the heart of contemporary political analysis. Comparative politics has therefore become a field of growing importance in all the countries. The study of Comparative Politics is characterised by an empirical approach based on the comparative method. It is concerned with behaviour, institutions, processes, ideas and values present in more than one country. It thus involves Political Activity, Political Process, and Political Power.

‘Comparison’ is man’s instinctive tendency which impels him to know how people around him live, behave and act. The Comparative measures tries to explain similarities and differences among countries or states. Indeed, as the prominent political scientist and comparativist, Seymour Martin Lipset once wrote, ‘Those who know only one country, know no country.’ According to a thinker, following are the fundamental urges of a man :

(a) To know how others live and act.

(b) To discover similarities and dissimilarities between the political systems.

(c) To adopt the best suited method for development.

COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT:-

Traditionally, the comparative study of politics stands entitled as Comparative Government which can be defined as the study of state and other political institutions in terms of their legal powers, functions, and positions on a comparative basis.

DEFINITIONS OF COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT :-

According to Jean Blondel, ‘Comparative Government involves a study of the patterns of national governments in the contemporary world’.

G. K. Roberts defines Comparative Government as ‘the study of states and their governmental institutions and processes on a comparative basis.’

COMPARATIVE POLITICS :-

Comparative Politics has come out of the parochialism and limited scope of Comparative Government. It now includes the analysis and comparison of the political processes, political activities, political systems, developed as well as developing and European as well as Asian i.e. it includes all that comes within the purview of politics.

DEFINITIONS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS :-

According to M. Curtis, ‘Comparative Politics is concerned with significant regularities, similarities and differences in the working of political institutions and political behaviour.’

M. G. Smith defines, ‘Comparative Politics is the study of the forms of political organisations, their properties, correlations, variations and modes of change’.

Jean Blondel defines, Comparative Politics ‘as the study of patterns of national governments in the contemporary world.’

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26. Explain David Easton`s system approach to the comparative analysis of political systems.

Ans. The System Approach is one of the new approaches developed as a reaction against traditional approach to the study of comparative politics. It is an attempt to describe relationship of political activity to other aspect of social life. It emphasised that political life should be seen as a system or a set of systems of interaction.

System Approach :-

The System Approach is the pioneering method of comparative political analysis. The term ‘political system’ is a new way of looking at political phenomena. The idea of a ‘system’ was originally borrowed from Biology by the eminent Sociologist Parsons who gave the social system concept. David Easton further developed the concept of political system. He pioneered the Systems approach to politics and developed particularly the idea of the ‘political system’ which compelled contemporary political theorists to move away from the traditional notion to constitutionalism as the primary characteristic of modern government to the study of all the elements in society which influence collective decisions.

David Easton in his ‘An Approach to the Analysis of Political System’ defines, ‘Political system may be designated as those institutions through values are authoritatively allocated for society’. In other words, political system is ‘a set of self-regulating and self-directing behaviour involved in the authoritative allocation of values.’ In the system approach the following concepts are important :

(1) Environment
(2) Inputs
(3) Outputs
(4) Feedback mechanism

In David Easton’s terminology, the political system receives ‘inputs’ from the ‘environment’ in the form of ‘demands’ and ‘supports’. It produces ‘outputs’ in the form of ‘policies and decisions’. The ‘outputs’ flow back into the environment through a ‘feedback’ mechanism.

Easton has characterised demands as the raw materials out of which finished products called decisions are manufactured. Feedback is essentially a communication process which produces action in response to information about the state of the political system. The feedback channel helps the political system in approaching its goal. Feedback mechanism is expected to adjust outputs to inputs. However, maintaining a state of equilibrium in the political system is by no means a simple affair.

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27. Why is Aristotle called the father of comparative government and politics?

Ans. Aristotle is called the father of comparative government and politics because he studied and compared 158 constitutions of different states.

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28. Name any two books written by David Easton.

Ans. (1) The Political System
(2) A Systems Analysis of Political Life

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29. Mention two features of comparative politics.

1) Comparative politics follows a comparative and empirical method of study.

2) It studies political systems, institutions and political behaviour of different countries.

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30. What is comparative politics? Discuss its nature and scope.

Same as 25

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31. Explain the nature and significance of the study of comparative politics.

Comparative Politics is one of the most important branches of Political Science. It studies political systems, political institutions, political behaviour and political processes of different countries by using comparative method. The study of Comparative Politics has become very significant in modern times because political systems of the world are becoming increasingly interconnected.

Comparative Politics is wider than Comparative Government. Comparative Government mainly studies governmental institutions such as legislature, executive and judiciary, whereas Comparative Politics studies not only governmental institutions but also political parties, pressure groups, political culture, political behaviour, political communication and political development.

Nature of Comparative Politics :-

1) Comparative Politics is empirical and analytical in nature. It is based on observation, comparison and analysis of political facts and political realities.

2) It studies political systems of different countries in a comparative manner in order to discover similarities and dissimilarities among them.

3) Comparative Politics has a wider scope than Comparative Government because it studies both governmental and non-governmental political institutions.

4) It is scientific in nature because it follows systematic methods, collection of data, observation and analysis.

5) Comparative Politics studies developed as well as developing countries and includes both Western and Non-Western political systems.

6) It studies political behaviour, political culture, political participation and political communication along with political institutions.

7) Comparative Politics is dynamic in nature because it studies political change, political development and modernization in different countries.

8) It uses different modern approaches like Behavioural Approach, Structural-Functional Approach and System Approach for political analysis.

Significance of Comparative Politics :-

1) Comparative Politics helps to understand the nature and functioning of political systems in different countries.

2) It explains the similarities and differences among political institutions, constitutions and political processes.

3) It helps in understanding political stability, political development and political change in various countries.

4) Comparative Politics helps governments to adopt better political institutions, policies and administrative methods from other countries.

5) It broadens political knowledge and develops scientific understanding of political phenomena.

6) It helps in understanding international politics and relations among nations.

7) Comparative Politics helps to study the causes of political problems such as dictatorship, political instability, corruption and underdevelopment.

8) It helps researchers and political scientists to formulate political theories and generalisations.

9) Comparative Politics encourages democratic values, political awareness and political participation among people.

10) It helps in understanding the role of political parties, pressure groups, public opinion and political leadership in political systems.

11) Comparative Politics is useful for policy-making and administrative reforms because it provides practical knowledge about successful political systems.

12) It promotes international understanding, cooperation and peaceful relations among nations.

Conclusion :-

Thus, Comparative Politics is a very important and useful branch of Political Science. It provides scientific and systematic knowledge about political systems of the world. The study of Comparative Politics not only increases political understanding but also helps in solving political problems and improving political institutions and processes.

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